CFA Level 2 Certification – Complete Exam Prep Course Bundle



Pass CFA Level 2 exam at one go. Learn everything from scratch in simple way.

What you will learn

Ethical & Professional Standards: Understanding the CFA Institute’s Code of Ethics and Standards of Professional Conduct.

Quantitative Methods: Regression analysis, exchange rates, interest rates, and economic indicators.

Economics: Foreign exchange markets, monetary and fiscal policy, and economic growth theories.

Financial Reporting and Analysis: Interpretation of financial statements, quality of financial reports, and impact of foreign currency transactions.

Corporate Finance: Capital budgeting principles, dividend policy, mergers and acquisitions, and corporate governance.

Derivative Investment: Pricing models for forwards, futures, options, and swaps, as well as credit default swaps and securitization.

Fixed Income: Understanding interest rates, yield curves, bond valuation, credit risk models, and asset-backed securities.

Alternative Investments and Real Estate: Due diligence, valuation, risk assessment, and investment analysis in alternative assets and real estate markets.

Updated Overview of CFA Level 2 Curriculum: Understand the latest developments and changes in finance and investment analysis, ensuring readiness

Equity Investments: Master equity valuation methods, market efficiency, and the analysis of equity securities for constructing diversified portfolios.

Portfolio Management and Wealth Planning: Develop portfolio management theories, construction techniques, and wealth planning strategies for individual

Students will acquire a comprehensive understanding of finance concepts and principles, preparing them for success in the CFA Level 2 exam

Description

The course provided covers a comprehensive range of topics essential for candidates preparing for the CFA Level 2 exam. Here’s a breakdown of the course content:

Section 1: CFA Level 2 – Latest Updates

In this section, students will receive an updated overview of the CFA Level 2 curriculum. They will delve into essential topics in finance and investment analysis, including recent developments and changes in the field. Case studies and discussions on ethics, alternative investments, and real estate will be provided to enhance understanding and application of concepts.

Section 2: Ethical & Professional Standards


Ethical and professional standards are the cornerstone of the finance industry. This section will thoroughly explore the principles outlined by the CFA Institute, focusing on integrity, objectivity, confidentiality, and conflicts of interest. Through real-world scenarios and case studies, students will learn how to navigate ethical dilemmas and uphold ethical standards in their professional practice.

Section 3: Quantitative Methods

Quantitative methods are essential tools for financial analysis and decision-making. This section will cover a range of statistical techniques, regression analysis, time series analysis, and forecasting methods that are crucial for making informed investment decisions. Students will learn how to interpret data effectively and apply quantitative analysis techniques in various financial contexts.

Section 4: Economics

Economics provides the framework for understanding market dynamics and economic factors influencing investment decisions. This section will explore concepts such as exchange rates, interest rates, inflation, monetary policy, and global economic growth. Students will gain insights into how economic principles shape financial markets and investment strategies.

Section 5: Financial Reporting and Analysis

Financial reporting and analysis are fundamental skills for finance professionals. This section will cover topics such as financial statement analysis, inventory valuation methods, lease accounting, and post-retirement benefits. Students will learn how to analyze financial statements effectively and interpret financial data to assess the financial health and performance of companies.

Section 6: Corporate Finance

Corporate finance focuses on financial management within corporations. This section will cover capital budgeting, capital structure, dividend policy, mergers and acquisitions, and corporate governance. Students will gain an understanding of how financial decisions impact the value of a firm and learn to evaluate investment opportunities and corporate strategies.

Section 7: Derivative Investment

Derivatives are financial instruments whose value depends on underlying assets. This section will explore forward contracts, futures, options, swaps, and their applications in risk management and speculation. Students will learn how to analyze and utilize derivative instruments to hedge risks and enhance investment returns.

Section 8: Fixed Income

Fixed income securities play a crucial role in investment portfolios. This section will cover bond valuation, yield curves, interest rate risk, credit risk, and structured products like asset-backed securities and mortgage-backed securities. Students will learn how to assess the risk and return characteristics of fixed income securities and understand their role in diversified investment portfolios.

Section 9: Equity Investments

Equity investments are a core component of investment portfolios. This section covers topics such as equity valuation methods (including discounted cash flow models and relative valuation techniques), equity market structures, market efficiency, and the analysis of equity securities. Students will learn how to analyze individual stocks and construct equity portfolios based on their investment objectives and risk preferences.

Section 10: Alternative Investments

Alternative investments encompass a wide range of asset classes beyond traditional stocks and bonds. This section explores alternative investment vehicles such as hedge funds, private equity, real assets (e.g., commodities, real estate), and structured products. Students will learn about the characteristics, valuation methods, and risk-return profiles of alternative investments and their role in diversified portfolios.

Section 11: Portfolio Management and Wealth Planning

Portfolio management involves the construction, monitoring, and rebalancing of investment portfolios to achieve investors’ financial goals. This section covers portfolio management theories, portfolio construction techniques (e.g., asset allocation, diversification), performance evaluation, and wealth planning strategies (e.g., retirement planning, tax-efficient investing). Students will learn how to develop investment policies, assess risk tolerance, and design customized investment solutions for individual and institutional clients.

This course covers a wide array of topics, providing candidates with a thorough understanding of the concepts and principles necessary to succeed in the CFA Level 2 exam and beyond in their finance careers.

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ABOUT CFA LEVEL 2 EXAM

What is CFA Level 2?

The CFA Level 2 exam is the second of three exams administered by the CFA Institute as part of the Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) program. The CFA program is a globally recognized professional credential for individuals working in the investment management industry.

CFA Level 2 builds upon the foundational knowledge acquired in Level 1 and focuses on applying that knowledge in the valuation of various asset classes and in the management of investment portfolios. The Level 2 exam consists of multiple-choice questions and item set questions, also known as “mini-cases,” which require candidates to analyze information and apply critical thinking skills to solve complex problems.

Candidates who pass the CFA Level 2 exam demonstrate a deeper understanding of investment analysis and portfolio management concepts, preparing them for more advanced roles in the finance industry. Upon successfully passing all three levels of the CFA program and meeting other eligibility requirements, candidates earn the prestigious CFA charter, which signifies their expertise in investment management and commitment to the highest ethical standards in the profession.

Who are Chartered Financial Analysts?

Chartered Financial Analysts (CFAs) are finance professionals who have completed the rigorous requirements of the CFA program and earned the CFA charter, which is awarded by the CFA Institute. CFAs are widely regarded for their expertise in investment analysis, portfolio management, and other aspects of financial analysis.

To become a CFA charterholder, candidates must typically meet the following requirements:

  1. Education: Hold a bachelor’s degree from an accredited institution or have equivalent education or work experience.
  2. Passing the CFA Exams: Successfully pass all three levels of the CFA exams (Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3). Each level covers various topics related to finance, economics, investment analysis, and ethics.
  3. Relevant Work Experience: Have at least four years of qualified work experience in the investment decision-making process or a combination of education and work experience totaling four years.
  4. Adherence to the CFA Institute’s Code of Ethics and Standards of Professional Conduct: Agree to abide by the CFA Institute’s Code of Ethics and Standards of Professional Conduct, which emphasize integrity, professionalism, and ethical behavior in the finance industry.

CFAs often work in roles such as portfolio managers, research analysts, investment advisors, risk managers, and financial consultants. They are sought after for their deep understanding of financial markets, quantitative analysis skills, and commitment to ethical standards.

CFA level 2 exam

The CFA Level 2 exam is the second of three exams in the Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) program, offered by the CFA Institute. It is designed to assess candidates’ ability to apply investment tools and concepts in real-world situations. Here’s an overview of the CFA Level 2 exam:

  1. Format: The Level 2 exam is structured with item set questions, also known as mini-cases, rather than simple multiple-choice questions. Each item set consists of a vignette followed by several questions related to the vignette. The vignettes present real-life scenarios that candidates must analyze to answer the questions effectively.
  2. Topics Covered: The exam covers a wide range of topics across various areas of finance and investment, building on the foundational knowledge tested in Level 1. Some of the key topics include:
    • Ethical and Professional Standards
    • Quantitative Methods
    • Economics
    • Financial Reporting and Analysis
    • Corporate Finance
    • Equity Investments
    • Fixed Income
    • Derivative Investments
    • Alternative Investments
    • Portfolio Management and Wealth Planning
  3. Depth of Knowledge: The Level 2 exam requires candidates to demonstrate a deeper understanding of the curriculum compared to Level 1. Rather than simply recalling information, candidates must apply their knowledge to analyze complex situations and make informed decisions.
  4. Time Management: Time management is crucial for success in the Level 2 exam. Candidates have a limited amount of time to complete the exam, so they must practice pacing themselves and allocating time effectively to each item set.
  5. Preparation: Preparation for the Level 2 exam typically involves extensive study using official CFA Institute materials, third-party study guides, and practice questions. Many candidates also enroll in review courses or study groups to supplement their preparation.
  6. Passing Score: The passing score for the Level 2 exam is not predetermined. Instead, it is based on the Candidate Performance Report, which compares each candidate’s performance to the minimum passing score determined by the CFA Institute.

Overall, the CFA Level 2 exam is a challenging but rewarding step toward earning the prestigious CFA charter and advancing a career in the finance industry. Candidates who successfully pass the Level 2 exam demonstrate a strong understanding of investment principles and are well-prepared to tackle the final level of the CFA program.

About CFA Level 2 Syllabus

The CFA Level 2 syllabus builds upon the foundational knowledge tested in Level 1 and dives deeper into various areas of finance and investment management. Here’s an overview of the syllabus:

  1. Ethical and Professional Standards: This section covers ethical principles and professional standards that guide the behavior of investment professionals. It focuses on the CFA Institute’s Code of Ethics and Standards of Professional Conduct.
  2. Quantitative Methods: Quantitative methods are essential for financial analysis. This section covers statistical techniques, regression analysis, time series analysis, and forecasting methods used in investment decision-making.
  3. Economics: Economics plays a vital role in understanding market dynamics. This section explores macroeconomic and microeconomic concepts, including supply and demand, fiscal and monetary policy, international trade, and economic indicators.
  4. Financial Reporting and Analysis: Financial reporting and analysis are fundamental skills for finance professionals. This section covers the interpretation and analysis of financial statements, including balance sheets, income statements, and cash flow statements.
  5. Corporate Finance: Corporate finance focuses on financial management within corporations. This section covers topics such as capital budgeting, capital structure, dividend policy, mergers and acquisitions, and corporate governance.
  6. Equity Investments: Equity investments involve buying and selling stocks and other equity securities. This section covers equity valuation methods, equity markets, industry and company analysis, and portfolio management techniques.
  7. Fixed Income: Fixed income securities, such as bonds, are essential components of investment portfolios. This section covers bond valuation, yield curves, interest rate risk, credit risk, and fixed income derivatives.
  8. Derivative Investments: Derivatives are financial instruments whose value depends on underlying assets. This section explores forward contracts, futures, options, swaps, and their applications in risk management and speculation.
  9. Alternative Investments: Alternative investments include hedge funds, private equity, real estate, commodities, and other non-traditional assets. This section covers their characteristics, valuation methods, and portfolio management strategies.
  10. Portfolio Management and Wealth Planning: Portfolio management involves constructing and managing investment portfolios to achieve specific financial goals. This section covers portfolio management techniques, performance evaluation, and wealth planning strategies.

Each section of the CFA Level 2 syllabus is essential for candidates to master to successfully pass the exam and demonstrate proficiency in various aspects of finance and investment management.

Benefits of CFA certification

Earning the Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) certification can offer numerous benefits to finance professionals, including:

  1. Global Recognition: The CFA designation is globally recognized and respected in the finance industry. It demonstrates a high level of expertise and commitment to ethical standards, which can enhance career opportunities worldwide.
  2. Career Advancement: The CFA certification can open doors to new career opportunities and advancement within the finance industry. It is particularly valued for roles in investment management, research analysis, portfolio management, and wealth advisory.
  3. Knowledge and Skills: The CFA program covers a comprehensive range of topics related to investment analysis, portfolio management, economics, ethics, and financial reporting. Earning the CFA designation signifies a deep understanding of these areas and the ability to apply complex financial concepts in real-world situations.
  4. Professional Network: Joining the CFA community provides access to a vast network of finance professionals, including CFA charterholders, candidates, and members of the CFA Institute. Networking opportunities can lead to valuable connections, mentorship, and career support.
  5. Ethical Standards: The CFA Institute places a strong emphasis on ethical conduct and professionalism. By earning the CFA designation, professionals demonstrate their commitment to upholding the highest ethical standards in the finance industry, which can enhance trust and credibility with clients and employers.
  6. Career Flexibility: The skills and knowledge gained through the CFA program are highly transferable across various sectors of the finance industry, including asset management, investment banking, corporate finance, consulting, and risk management. This versatility provides professionals with flexibility in their career paths.
  7. Salary Potential: CFA charterholders often command higher salaries compared to their non-certified counterparts, particularly in roles that require advanced financial expertise and decision-making responsibilities.
  8. Continuous Learning and Professional Development: Maintaining the CFA designation requires ongoing commitment to continuing education and professional development. CFA charterholders must adhere to the CFA Institute’s Code of Ethics and Standards of Professional Conduct, which fosters a culture of lifelong learning and growth.

Overall, the CFA certification is highly regarded within the finance industry and can significantly enhance both career opportunities and professional credibility for individuals seeking to advance their careers in investment management and related fields.

Scope of CFA certification

The scope of the Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) certification is broad and encompasses various aspects of the finance industry. Here are some key areas where the CFA certification holds significance:


  1. Investment Management: The CFA program is specifically designed to equip professionals with the knowledge and skills needed for investment management roles. This includes portfolio management, asset allocation, security analysis, and risk management. CFA charterholders are well-prepared to make informed investment decisions on behalf of clients, institutions, or funds.
  2. Financial Analysis and Research: CFA charterholders possess advanced analytical skills and are adept at conducting in-depth financial analysis. They can evaluate financial statements, assess company performance, and identify investment opportunities. Many CFA charterholders work as research analysts, providing valuable insights to investors and decision-makers.
  3. Wealth Management and Financial Advisory: CFA charterholders are well-suited for roles in wealth management and financial advisory services. They can help individuals and institutions develop investment strategies, manage their portfolios, and achieve their financial goals. CFA expertise is particularly valuable in advising high-net-worth clients and institutional investors.
  4. Risk Management: With a strong foundation in risk management principles, CFA charterholders are equipped to identify, measure, and mitigate various types of financial risk. They can assess market risk, credit risk, liquidity risk, and operational risk, helping organizations make informed risk-return trade-offs in their investment decisions.
  5. Corporate Finance: CFA certification provides professionals with a comprehensive understanding of corporate finance principles, including capital budgeting, cost of capital, capital structure, and corporate governance. CFA charterholders can contribute valuable insights to corporate finance departments, investment banks, and financial advisory firms.
  6. Alternative Investments: The CFA curriculum covers alternative investment strategies such as private equity, hedge funds, real estate, and commodities. CFA charterholders are equipped to analyze and evaluate alternative investment opportunities, diversifying portfolios and enhancing risk-adjusted returns.
  7. Regulatory Compliance and Ethics: Ethics and professionalism are integral components of the CFA curriculum. CFA charterholders are trained to adhere to the highest ethical standards in their professional conduct. This expertise is particularly valuable in regulatory compliance roles within the finance industry.
  8. Career Mobility and Versatility: The CFA certification offers professionals flexibility and mobility within the finance industry. CFA charterholders can pursue diverse career paths across asset management, investment banking, consulting, risk management, and corporate finance, leveraging their versatile skill set and expertise.

Overall, the scope of the CFA certification extends across various sectors of the finance industry, providing professionals with the knowledge, skills, and credibility to excel in their careers and make meaningful contributions to the field of finance.

Prospects of CFA

The prospects of obtaining a Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) designation are promising for several reasons:

  1. Global Recognition: The CFA designation is highly respected and recognized worldwide in the finance industry. It serves as a benchmark of excellence and demonstrates proficiency in investment management and financial analysis. This global recognition opens up career opportunities in various countries and regions.
  2. Career Advancement: Earning the CFA designation can significantly enhance career advancement prospects. Many employers in investment management, asset management, wealth management, and other sectors of finance prefer candidates with the CFA designation for roles such as portfolio managers, research analysts, financial advisors, and risk managers.
  3. Higher Earning Potential: CFA charterholders often command higher salaries compared to non-charterholders in similar roles. According to surveys conducted by the CFA Institute, CFA charterholders tend to earn a premium over their peers, especially as they progress in their careers and assume more senior positions.
  4. Versatility and Mobility: The CFA designation equips professionals with a versatile skill set that is applicable across various sectors of the finance industry. CFA charterholders can pursue diverse career paths, including asset management, investment banking, corporate finance, consulting, and risk management. This versatility provides greater flexibility and mobility in the job market.
  5. Continuous Learning and Professional Development: Maintaining the CFA designation requires ongoing commitment to continuing education and professional development. CFA charterholders must adhere to the CFA Institute’s Code of Ethics and Standards of Professional Conduct and fulfill annual continuing education requirements. This commitment to lifelong learning helps charterholders stay updated with industry trends and enhances their professional expertise.
  6. Networking Opportunities: Joining the CFA community provides access to a vast network of finance professionals, including fellow charterholders, candidates, and members of the CFA Institute. Networking opportunities through local CFA societies, events, and online forums can lead to valuable connections, mentorship, and career support.
  7. Global Financial Industry Trends: As the finance industry continues to evolve and globalize, the demand for skilled professionals with expertise in investment management and financial analysis remains strong. The CFA designation positions individuals well to capitalize on emerging opportunities and navigate changes in the financial landscape.

Overall, the prospects of obtaining a CFA designation are promising for individuals seeking to advance their careers in the finance industry. The combination of global recognition, career advancement opportunities, higher earning potential, versatility, and commitment to professional development makes the CFA designation a valuable asset for finance professionals.

CFA Level 2 – Latest Updates

Overview of CFA Preparatory Level 2
Introduction to Ethics
Syyark Case Study
Syark Case Study Continued
Agarway Case Study
Agarway Case Study Continued
Introduction to Alternative Investments
Real Estate Overview
Real Estate Characteristics
Real Estate Risk
Real Estate Investment
Due Diligence
Real Estate Indices
Real Estate Valuation Part 1
Real Estate Valuation Part 2
Real Estate Valuation Part 3
Publicly Traded Investments
Publicly Traded Investments Continued
Introduction Quantitative Methods
Regression Basics
Coefficient Of Determination
Nested Models
Misspecification Error
Heteroskedasticity
Autocorrelation
Multicollinearity
Outliers And High Leverage Point
Logistic Regression
Introduction to Economics
Exchange Rates Basics
Exchange Rates Basics Continued
Triangular Arbitrage
Forward Rates
Interest Rate Parity
Purchasing Power Parity
Exchange Rate Determinants
Exchange Rate Determinants Continued
Currency Crisis Warning Signs
Introduction to Corporate Issuers
Background to ESG
Conflicts within Ownership Structure
Influential Shareholders and Governance
Influential Shareholders and Governance Continued
Board Policies and Practices
Relevant ESG Factors
Relevant ESG Factors Continued
Factor Affecting Cost of Capital
Factor Affecting Cost of Capital Continued
Cost of Debt Part 1
Cost of Debt Part 2
Cost of Equity Part 1
Cost of Equity Part 2
Cost of Equity Part 3
Cost of Equity Part 4
Cost of Equity Part 5
Synergies
Type of Transactions
Categories of Transactions
Analyzing Corporate Actions
Valuation Process
Evaluation Process
Evaluation Process Continued
Introduction to Financial Statement Analysis
Financial Statements
Forecasting Financial Statements
COGS Part 1
COGS Part 2
SG and A
Financing Tax and Other Items
Behavioral Factors
Competitive Analysis
Inflation Hedging
Inflection Point
Fx Exposure
Currency Translation
Tempolar Method
Current Rate Method
Comparison of Methods
Hyperinflation

CFA 2 Module 1 – Ethical & Professional Standards

Introduction to Ethics and Professional Standards
Code of Ethics
Standards of Professional Conduct
knowledge of the Law
Independence and Objectivity
Independence and Objectivity Continues
Misrepresentation
Misconduct
Integrity of Capital Markets
Material Non Public Information
Market Manipulation
Loyalty Prudence and Care
Loyalty Prudence and Care Continues
Fair Dealing
Suitability
More on Suitability
Performance Presentation
Preservation of Confidentiality
Duties to Employers
Loyalty
Additional Compensation Arrangements
Responsibility of Supervisors
Investment Analysis Recommendation and Action
Diligence and Reasonable Basis
Communication with Clients
Record Retention
Conflict of Interest
Disclosure of Conflicts
Referral Fees
Responsibilities As a CFA Institute Member
Conduct as Member and Candidates in CFA Program
Soft Dollars Standards
Mixed Use Research
General
Relationships with Clients
Selection of Brokers
Client Directed Brokerage
Disclosure
Permissible Research Guidance
Research Objectivity
Required Compliance Policy
Required Compliance Policy Continues
Case Studies
Changing Investment Objectives
Changing Investment Objectives Continues
Trade Allocation Fair Dealing and Disclosure

CFA 2 Module 2 – Quantitative Methods

Introduction to Quantitative Methods
Correlation
Covariance of Returns
Limitations of Correlation
Hypothesis Testing
Limitations of Regression
Linear Regression of Return
Confidence Intervals
Anova
Calculating R Square
Formulating Regressions
Interpreting P Values
Assumptions of Multiple Regression
F Statistic
Interpreting R square
Dummy Variables
Violations of Regression Assumptions
Heteroskedasticity
Heteroskedasticity Diagram
Serial Correlation
Serial Correlation Continues
Multicollinearity
Model Misspecification
Qualitative Dependent Variables
Trend Models
Autoregressive Models
Forecasting with AR Models
Mean Reversion
Regression Coefficient Instability
First Difference and Explosive Root
Seasonality Factor
Seasonality Factor Continues
Auto Regressive Conditional Heterosexuality
ARCH Models
Multiple Time Series

CFA 2 Module 3 – Economics

Introduction to Economics CFA Level 2
Foreign Exchange Market Concepts
Arbitrage Constraints on Spot Exchanges
Working on Example 2
Working on Example 3
Forward Markets
Forward Markets Continues
Mark to Market Value
Long Term Framework of Interest Rates
Long Term Framework of Interest Rates Continues
Example 4 in Curriculum
Purchasing Power Parity
Fisher Effect and Real Interest Rate Parity
Fisher Effect and Real Interest Rate Parity Continues
Bringing All Parity Conditions Together
Assigning Exchange Rate Equilibrium Level
Carry Trade
Impact of Balance of Payment Flows
Monetary and Fiscal Policy
Taylor Rule
Exchange Rate Management
Currency Crisis
Short Term Forecasting Tools
Currency Exchange Rates Determination
Summary of Forecasting Currency
Summary of Currency Forecasting Continues
Bid Offer Rates
Bid Offer Rates Continues
Calculating Forward Premium Dis
Forward Rates
Mark to Marker of Forward Positions
Covered and Uncovered Interest Rate
Covered and Uncovered Interest Rate Continues
Absolute Version of PPP and Real Version of PPP
Absolute Version of PPP and Real Version of PPP Continues
Working on Example 5
Long Run Equilibrium Exchange Rates
Uncovered Interest Rate Parity
Working on Example 8
Capital Flow
Currency Exchange Rates
Currency Exchange Rates Continues
Expansionary and Restrictive Policy
Policy and Inflation Rate
Currency Determination and Forecasting
Capital Control Measure
Currency Crises
Technical Analysis and Positioning Indicators
Growth In Global Economies
Growth In Global Economies Continue
Why Potential Growth Matters to Investors
Why Potential Growth Matters to Investors Continue
Determinants of Economic Growth
Labor Quality-Human Capital
Theories of Growth
Neoclassical Model
Theories of Growth Example
Endogenous Growth Theory
Convergence Debate
Growth In An Open Economy
Economic Growth and Investment Decisions
More on Investment Decisions
Impact of Demographics and Immigration
Impact of Physical Capital and Human Capital
Economics of Regulation
Classification of Regulation
Economic Rationale of Regulators
Regulatory Tools
Regulation of Commerce and Financial Markets
Cost Benefit Analysis
Summary of Economics of Regulation
Conclusion

CFA 2 Module 4 – Financial Reporting and Analysis

Introduction to Financial Reporting and Analysis
Inventory and Changing Price Levels
The LIFO Method
The LIFO Method Continues
LIFO Liquidations
Inventory Method Changes
Inventory Adjustments
Financial Statement Analysis Issues
LIFO Reserve and LIFO Liquidation
Example of Caterpillar Inc
More on Example of Caterpillar Inc
Capitalize vs. Expense
Capitalize vs. Expense Continues
Capitalizing Interest Cost
Internal Development Costs
Depreciation
Depreciation Continues
Impairment and Revaluation of Assets
Financial Disclosures
Leasing
Financial Statement of Lease Accounting
Ratio Impact of Lease Accounting
Corporate Investment Categories
Reclassification and Impairments
Example – IAS 39
Financial Classification and Measurement Model
Investment in Associates and JV
Investment in Associates and JV Continues
Amortization of Excess Purchase Price
Fair Value and Impairment
Transaction with Associates and Examples
Business Combinations
Business Combinations Continues
Business Combinations – Example
Variable Interest and SPE
VIE and Example
Employee Compensation
Types of Post Retirement Benefits
Measuring Defined Pension Plans Obligation
DBPP – Periodic Pension Costs
PO Service Cost and Interest Cost
Service Cost and Interest Cost Continues
Disclosure of Pension and Post EB
Net Pension Asset and Total PPC
Share Based Compensation
Stock Options
Evaluating Quality of Financial Reports
Quality of Financial Reports
Potential Problems Affecting Quality
Working on Example and Exhibit
Quality Issues M and A
Steps Evaluate Financial Reports
Quantitative Tools to Access Misrepresentation
Indicators of Earning Quality
Cash Flow Quality
Balance Sheet Quality
Foreign Currency Transactions
Foreign Exchange Risk
Example of Finch
Impact of Changes in ER
Translation of Foreign Currency
Translation of Foreign Currency Continue
Current Method
Temporal Method
Illustration of Translation Method
Illustration of Translation Method and Exhibit
Translation Analytical Issues
Multinational Operations and Company ETR
Additional Disclosures on Effect on FC
Summary
Integration of Techniques
Long Term Equity Investment
Accruals and Earnings Quality
Decomposition and Analysis of CV
Off Balance Sheet Leverage from OL
Integration of Techniques – Introduction
Summary – Intercorporate Investments
FS Impact of Capitalizing Versus Expensing
Working on Income Statement
Impact of Capitalizing Versus Expensing for OP
Effect of CIC on CR and cash Flow
Software Development Costs
Working on Solution to 2
Working on Example 6
Implications of Impairment Charges in FSA
Working on Example 9
Working on Example 10
Working on Example 11
Working on Example 11 Continues
Income Statements
Working on Example 12
Exhibit 11
Working on Example 13
Working on Example 13 Continues
Working on Example 14
Impact of Inflation Using LIFO to FIFO
Company L Using LIFO
Inventory Conversation from LIFO to FIFO
More on Inventory Conversation
Retained Earning Component
LIFO Liquidation – FS Impact and Disclosure
Effects of Inventory Write Down FR

CFA 2 Module 5 – Corporate Finance

Capital Budgeting Principles
Incremental Project Cash Flows with Example
Incremental Project Cash Flows with Example Continues
Replacement Project
Inflation Effect and Projects with Unequal Lives
Capital Rationing and Project Risk Analysis
Discounting Rate and Real Options
Capital Budgeting Pitfalls
Alternative Valuation Measures
Objective of Capital Budgeting
Modigliani Miller Propositions With taxes
Cost of Financial Distress
Asymmetric Information
Static Trade off Theory
Actual vs Optimal Structure
Leverage Analysis
Dividend Irrelevance
Dividend and Tax Preference
Clientele Effect
Agency Costs and Signal of Dividends
Effective Tax Rate and Tax Credits
Other Dividend Models
Other Dividend Models Continues
Share Repurchase vs Cash Dividend
Confects and Agency Conflicts
BOD and Governance Policies
Types of Integrationc
Types of Mergers
Merger Motivations
Bootstrapping
Common Mergers
Forms of Acquisition and Method of Payment
Pre and Post Offer Defense Mechanisms
Pre and Post Offer Defense Mechanisms Continues
Herfindahl Harshman Index
Valuing a Target
Discounted Cash Flow Approach
Comparable Company and Comparable Transaction Analysis
More on Comparable Transaction Analysis
Evaluating a Merger Bid
Effect of Price and Payment method
Downsizing and Reasons of Divestiture

CFA 2 Module 6 – Equity Valuation

Introduction to Equity Valuation
Equity Valuation – Value Concepts
Uses of Equity Valuation
Porters Forces
Equity Risk Premium
Forward Looking ERP
Equity Valuation and Value Concepts
Equity Valuation and Value Concepts Continues
Beta Estimation
Strengths and Weaknesses of Factor Models
International Considerations, WACC
Pairing Discount Rates with Cash Flows
Porters 5 forces Shape Strategy
Threat of Entry and Substitutes
Bargaining Power of Buyers and Suppliers, Rivalry
Non Porter Forces, Changes in Industry Structure
Strategy to Achieve Competitive Advantage
Measures of Cash Flow Valuation
Dividends and FCF
Residual Income
Single and Multiple Period DDM
Two Period DDM
Types of DDM
Gordon Growth Model
Present Value of Growth Opportunities
GGM and Justified Price to Earnings
Value of Preferred Stock
Strength and Weaknesses of DDM
Terminal Value
Two Stages DDM
H Model
Three Stage Model
Working With GGM and H Model
Sustainable Growth Rate
Drivers and Impact
Spreadsheet Modelling
Free Cash Flow Valuation
Free Cash Flow Valuation Continues
Ownership Perspective
Calculating Free Cash Flows
Calculating Free Cash Flows Continues
Non Cash Charges
Investment in Working Capital
WCInv Adjustments
Fixed Capital Investment (FCFF and FCFE)
Fixed Capital Investment Continues
Net Borrowing Adjustments
FCFF and FCFE formulas from NI and CFO
FCFF and FCFE Formulas from EBITI and EBITDA
FCFE and FCFF Formula Reviews
Example on FCFF
Example on FCFF Continues
Example on FCFE
More on FCFE
Two Approaches to Calculate FCF
Recognition of Value Between FCFE and DDM
Effect of Financing Decisions on FCF
NI – Poor Proxy to FCFE
Single and Multi Stage Models
Selecting Appropriate Model
FCFF Valuation Question
Method of Comparable and Fundamentals
Price Multiple Fundamentals
Price to Earnings
Price to Earnings Examples
Normalized Earnings
Earnings Yield
Justified Price Multiple
Justified Trailing
Price to Earning Ratio Using Regression
Valuation Using Comparable
PEG Ratio and Terminal Value
Price to Book Ratio
Justified PO and BO Ratio
Price to Sales
Justified PO and BO Fundamental Factor
Price to Cash Flow
Price to Cash Flow Continues
EV to EBITDA
Dividend Yield
Cross Border Valuation Differences
Momentum Indicators
Residual Income Valuation
Residual Income Valuation with Example
Economic Value Added
Intrinsiv Value Calculation of Residual Income
Solution
Value Drivers for RI
RI vs Price Multiples and DCF
Calculating Implied Growth Using RI Model
Continuing Residual Income
Multi Stage RI Model
Example – Multi Stage RI Model
Solution – Approach 1
RI,DDM and FCFE Comparison
Strengths and Weaknesses of RI
Accounting Issue
Clean Surplus Relationship
Accounting Changes Reflected Upon
Private vs Public Companies
Reasons to Value Private Companies
Definitions – Value
Approaches to Valuation, Normalized Earnings, Cash Flow Issues
Income Approach Methods
Discount Rate Elements and Models
Market Approaches
Guideline Transaction Method
Asset Based Approach
DLOC, DLOM, Challenges with valuation

CFA 2 Module 7 – Fixed Income

Introduction to Fixed Income
Spot Rate and Forward Rate
Forward Rate and Forward Price
Forward Rate and Forward Price Continues
The Forward Rate Model
The Forward Rate Model Continues
Interpretation of Forward Rates
Par Curve and Bootstrapping
Yield To Maturity
Yield To Maturity Continues
Yield Curve Movement
Swap Rate Curves
Why Market Participants Use Them
Swap Spread and Z Spread
TED Spread and Libor OIS Spread
Traditional Theory – Expectations Theory
Trational Theory – Liquidity Preference
Segmented Market and Preferred Habitat
Modern Term Structure Models
The Vasicek Model
Yield Curve Factor Models
Yield Curve Factor Models Continues
Working on Example
Example of Steepness and Curvature
Meaning of Arbitrage Free Valuation
Meaning of Arbitrage Free Valuation Continues
Implications of Arbitrage Free Valuation
Interest Rate Trees
Arbitrage Free Valuation
Constructing Binomial Interest Rate Tree
Valuing Option Free Bond with Tree
Monte Carlo Method
Extension and Conversion Option
Valuation and Analysis of Callable
Putable Bonds
Value of Callable and Putable Bond
Volatility
Effect of Interest Rate Volatility
Callable Bond and Call Option
Default Free Callable and Putable Bonds
Value of Risky Callable and Putable Bonds
Z Spread and OAS
Duration of Bond
Effective Duration
Effective Convexity
Effective Convexity Continues
Valuation and Analysis of Capped Floater
Floored Floating Rate Bonds
Key Rate Duration
Measures of Credit Risk
Measures of Credit Risk Continues
Traditional Credit Models
Example of Credit Rating
Structural Model
Structural Model Continues
Interpreting Structure Model CRM
Reduced Form Models
Example and Estimation
Using Logistic Regression Model
Term Structure of Credit Spreads
Asset Backed Securities
Convertible Bond
Analysis of Convertible Bond
Valuation of Convertible Bond
Risk Return Characteristics
Introduction and Benefits to Secularization
Costumer Loan
Secularization Process
Example of Secularization Process
Key Role of SPVs
Residential Mortgage Loans
Residential Mortgage Loans Continues
Residential Mortgage Backed Securities
Measures of Pre Payment Rate
WAL Contraction Risk and Extension Risk
Collateralized Mortgage Obligation
Sequential Pay Structure with 4 Tranches
Floating Rate Tranches
Non Agency MBS
Collaterized Debt Obligations Continues
Call Protection and Ballon Risk
Non Mortgage Asset Backed Securities
Credit Card Rece. Backed Securities
Collaterized Debt Obligations
Collaterized Debt Obligations Continues

CFA 2 Module 8 – Derivative Investment

Introduction to Derivative Investment
Value of Forward Contract
Example of Generic Forward Contract
Equity Forward Contracts
Equity Forward Contracts Continues
Fixed Income Forward Contracts
Example of Bond Forward Contract
Forward Rate Agreements
Forward Rate Agreements Continues
Currency Forward Contracts
Spot Price
Credit Risk and Conclusion
Generic Pricing of Futures
Price Difference Between Forwards and Futures
Pricing Futures Contracts
Pricing Futures Contracts Continues
Backwardation and Contango
Interest Rate Futures
Treasury Bond Futures
Pricing Stock Index Futures
Future Price Using Con Compounding
Currency Futures
Role of Futures Market and Conclusion
Principles of Option Pricing
Payoff Values
Boundary Conditions
Effect of Different Exercise Price
Synthetics
American Options and Lower Bounds
One Period Binomial Model
One Period Binomial Model Continues
Binomial Model Arbitrage Opportunity
Two Period Binomial Model
Binomial Put Option
Binomial Interest Rate Option Pricing
Put Option on Bond
Put Option on an Interest Rate
BSM Model
The BSM Formula
Delta
Gamma
Historical and Implied Volatility
Pricing Options on Forwards and Futures Contracts
Put Call Parity on Forward
Black Model and Interest Rate Options
Black Scholes Merton Model
Pricing and Valuation of Swaps
Pricing and Valuation of Swaps Continues
Interest Rate Swaps
Interest Rate Swaps Pricing Example
Interest Rate Swaps Valuation
Currency Swaps
Example of Currency Swaps valuation
Equity Swaps
Example of Pay Fixed and RDR
Pay DJTI Returns and RDR
Concept of Swaptions
Example of Swaptions
Swaptions Payoff
Credit Risk and Swaps
Summary and Conclusion
Interest Rate Derivatives Instrument
Interest Rate Cap Example
Interpret Caps and Floors
Creation of Interest Rate Collar
Credit Default Swaps
Types of CDS
Important Features of CDS Markets and Instruments
Example and Solution
Basic Pricing Concepts
Credit Curve
Valuation Changes in CDS During their Lives
Managing Credit Exposure
Valuation Difference and Basis Trade

CFA 2 Module 9 – Alternative Investments

Introduction to Pvt Real Estate Investment
Real Estate Characteristics
Reasons to Invest in RE
Risk Factor
Role of RE in Portfolio
Commercial Property Type
Commercial Property Type Continues
Real Estate Appraisal
Valuation Approaches
Income Approach
Income Approach Example
Stabilized NOI
Discounted Cash Flow
Term and Revision
DCF Assumptions and DCF Errors
Cost Approach
Cost Approach Example
Sales Comparison Approach
Sales Comparison Approach Continues
Due Diligence
Real Estate Indices
Financial Ratios HPR
Financial Ratios HPR Continues
Publicly Traded Real Estate Securities
Advantages of Publicly Traded RES
REIT Shares
Due Diligence and Types
NAVPS In REIT Valuation
Financial Statement Adjustments
Valuation Example
Sources of Value Creation
Valuation Characteristics of Venture Capital
Valuation Characteristics of Buyout Firms
Characteristics of Buyout
Private Equity Details
Risks In Private Equity Investing
Financial Performance with Example
Financial Performance with Example Continues
Venture Capital Method
Stock Price Per Share
First Financing Round
Single Financing IRR Approach
Adjusting for Risk in VC Investment
Mutual Funds Vs Hedge Funds
Hedge Fund Strategies
Hedge Fund Strategies Continues
Hedge Fund Performance Bias and Factor Models
Non Normality of Hedge Funds and Replication
Transitional Portfolio Analysis

CFA 2 Module 10 – Portfolio Management

Portfolio Returns and Variance
Portfolio Returns and Variance Continues
Minimum Variance Frontier
Efficient Frontier
Correlation and Diversification
Equally weighted portfolios
Capital Market vs Capital Allocation Line
Capital Market vs Capital Allocation Line Continues
Types of Risk and Diversification of Risk
Beta and Market Model
Portfolio Perspective
Steps and Investment Objectives
Investment Constraints and Strategic Asset Allocation
The Market Model
The Market Model Continues
Beta Instability and Adjusted Beta
Multi Factor Models
Portfolio Return from Multi Factor Model
Arbitrage Pricing Theory
Active Risk and Return
Factor and Tracking Portfolio
Active Mgmt in Efficient Markets
Compelling Arguments
Treynor Black Security Selection
Imperfect Alpha Forecast
Imperfect Alpha Forecast Continues

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